Hi,
1. You indeed have to let the login step in order to have the address fields. If the option "login" is disabled so you should not have the login form in the checkout. Do you have any view modifications related to this part ?
2. As the first point, do you have view edition ? Are the given urls valid ones ? What is the image folder permission value ? 755 ?
3. By default there is only an icon displayed, not "remove" text. So if you are not able to find and translate the value in the language file, it's maybe a value set directly in the view, so again a view override.
Do you have installed this shop from scratch, or someone done that before ?