Thank you for your Answer Nicolas!
I solved it for now like this:
I added a Custom Field on the Product that say's "Normal price, Price between and Price starting at". So to speak a "price type". Then I adapted the code of the view listing_price (Front end, product, listing_price). I added some logic that tests for my price type and according to that i take the prices of the product as "starting-at price" or "price between".
The current problem I have is that my code only works on the Product-Page itself (I mean if you view one product in detail). On an overview Page where all products of a category are listed, it won't work at the moment.
I have to fix that, but currently I have no idea how, because it seems that my custom-price-types seems to be not available in the scope. Maybe you have a hint, otherwise I have to try-and-error it out 
Best regards
Michael